
Grids and maps
##############

.. _grid:

Volumetric grid
===============

Introduction
------------

Macromolecular models are often accompanied by 3D data on an evenly spaced,
rectangular grid (but note that the spacing in different directions may differ).
The data may represent electron density, a mask of the protein area,
or any other scalar data.

In Gemmi such a data is stored in a class called Grid.
Actually, it is a set of classes for storing
different types of data: floating point numbers, integers or boolean masks.

Grid dimension are given in variables nu, nv, nw.
The data layout is Fortran-style contiguous, i.e. point (1,1,1) is followed
by (2,1,1).

Grid classes also store:

* unit cell dimensions (to know Cartesian coordinates of grid nodes),
* and crystallographic symmetry (to know symmetry-equivalent grid nodes).

If the symmetry is not set (or is set to P1)
we effectively have a box with periodic boundary conditions (PBC).

C++
~~~

The ``gemmi/grid.hpp`` header defines::

  template<typename T=float> struct Grid;

which stores dimensions and data::

  int nu, nv, nw;
  std::vector<T> data;

To specify the grid size use function ``set_size()``
or ``set_size_from_spacing()``. They both check that the size
is compatible with the space group (so it is better to call
these functions after setting ``Grid::spacegroup``.
The latter function additionally ensures that the size is FFT-friendly.

The data point can be accessed with::

  T Grid<T>::get_value(int u, int v, int w) const
  void Grid<T>::set_value(int u, int v, int w, T x)

Python
~~~~~~

In Python we have classes FloatGrid (for maps), Int8Grid (for masks).
(We will add other classes such and ComplexGrid when we see
a use for it.)

The constructor may take grid dimensions or a NumPy array as an argument:

.. doctest::

  >>> import gemmi
  >>> grid = gemmi.FloatGrid(12, 12, 12)
  >>> grid.nu, grid.nv, grid.nw
  (12, 12, 12)

.. doctest::
  :skipif: numpy is None

  >>> grid2 = gemmi.FloatGrid(numpy.zeros((30, 31, 32), dtype=numpy.float32))
  >>> grid2.nu, grid2.nv, grid2.nw
  (30, 31, 32)

Alternatively, you may set (or change) the size later on:

.. doctest::

  >>> grid3 = gemmi.FloatGrid()
  >>> # grid3.spacegroup = ...
  >>> grid3.set_size(12, 12, 12)

The advantage of calling ``set_size()`` after a space group was set
is that this function checks if the size is compatible with the space group
(a symmetry operation cannot map a node to a point between nodes).

Values are accessed with functions get_value() and set_value():

.. doctest::

  >>> grid.set_value(1, 1, 1, 7.0)
  >>> grid.get_value(1, 1, 1)
  7.0
  >>> # we can test wrapping of indices (a.k.a. periodic boundary conditions)
  >>> grid.get_value(-11, 13, 25)
  7.0

.. _buffer_protocol:

The data can be also accessed through the
`buffer protocol <https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/buffer.html>`_.
It means that you can use it as a NumPy array (Fortran-style contiguous)
without copying the data:

.. doctest::
  :skipif: numpy is None or sys.platform == 'win32'

  >>> import numpy
  >>> array = numpy.array(grid, copy=False)
  >>> array.dtype
  dtype('float32')
  >>> array.shape
  (12, 12, 12)
  >>> numpy.argwhere(array == 7.0)
  array([[1, 1, 1]])

(It does not make gemmi dependent on NumPy -- gemmi talks with NumPy
through the buffer protocol, and it can talk with any other Python library
that supports this protocol.)

Symmetry
--------

The main advantage that Grid has over a generic 3D array is that
it understands crystallographic symmetry.
After setting the symmetry we can use a family of *symmetrize* functions
that performs operations on symmetry-equivalent grid points.
For example, we can set all equivalent points to the value calculated
as a minimum, maximum or a sum of values of the equivalent points.

In C++ we directly set the spacegroup property::

  const SpaceGroup* spacegroup;

Similarly in Python:

.. doctest::

  >>> grid.spacegroup = gemmi.find_spacegroup_by_name('P2')
  
Now let us use one of the symmetrizing functions:

.. doctest::

  >>> # the point (1, 1, 1) was already set to 7.0
  >>> grid.set_value(0, 0, 0, 0.125)  # a special position
  >>> grid.sum()  # for now only two points: 7.0 + 0.125
  7.125
  >>> grid.symmetrize_max()  # applying symmetry
  >>> grid.sum()  # one point got duplicated, the other is on rotation axis
  14.125

In C++ we have a templated function that can perform any operation
on symmetry-equivalent points::

    template<typename Func> void Grid::symmetrize(Func func)

Python bindings provide the following specializations:

.. doctest::

  >>> grid.symmetrize_min()      # minimum of equivalent values
  >>> grid.symmetrize_max()      # maximum
  >>> grid.symmetrize_abs_max()  # value corresponding to max(|x|)
  >>> #grid.symmetrize_sum()     # sum symmetry-equivalent nodes

Unit cell
---------

The unit cell parameters (in a member variable ``unit_cell``: UnitCell)
enable conversion between coordinates and grid points.

The unit cell should be set using ``Grid<T>::set_unit_cell()``,
which in addition to setting ``unit_cell`` sets also ``spacing``,
the spacing between grid points that is precalculated for efficiency.

.. doctest::

  >>> grid.set_unit_cell(gemmi.UnitCell(45, 45, 45, 90, 82.5, 90))
  >>> grid.unit_cell
  <gemmi.UnitCell(45, 45, 45, 90, 82.5, 90)>
  >>> grid.spacing  #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
  (3.7179..., 3.75..., 3.7179...)

Each grid point (*u*, *v*, *w*) can now be expressed in fractional or Cartesian
coordinates:

.. doctest::

  >>> grid.get_fractional(6, 6, 6)
  <gemmi.Fractional(0.5, 0.5, 0.5)>
  >>> grid.get_position(6, 6, 6)
  <gemmi.Position(25.4368, 22.5, 22.3075)>

Grid point
----------

Grid contains a little helper class (GridBase<T>::Point in C++)
that bundles grid point coordinates (u, v, w: int) and a pointer
to the value in grid (value). This bundle is obtained with getter:

.. doctest::

  >>> grid.get_point(0, 0, 0)
  <gemmi.FloatGridBase.Point (0, 0, 0) -> 0.125>
  >>> _.u, _.v, _.w, _.value
  (0, 0, 0, 0.125)

or when iterating the grid:

.. doctest::

  >>> for point in grid:
  ...   if point.value != 0.: print(point)
  <gemmi.FloatGridBase.Point (0, 0, 0) -> 0.125>
  <gemmi.FloatGridBase.Point (1, 1, 1) -> 7>
  <gemmi.FloatGridBase.Point (11, 1, 11) -> 7>

The point can be converted to its index (position in the array):

.. doctest::

  >>> point = grid.get_point(6, 6, 6)
  >>> grid.point_to_index(point)
  942

to fractional coordinates:

.. doctest::

  >>> grid.point_to_fractional(point)
  <gemmi.Fractional(0.5, 0.5, 0.5)>

and to orthogonal (Cartesian) coordinates in Angstroms:

.. doctest::

  >>> grid.point_to_position(point)
  <gemmi.Position(25.4368, 22.5, 22.3075)>

The other way around, we can find the grid point nearest to a position:

.. doctest::

  >>> grid.get_nearest_point(_)
  <gemmi.FloatGridBase.Point (6, 6, 6) -> 0>


Interpolation
-------------

To get a value corresponding to an arbitrary position,
you may use trilinear interpolation of the 8 nearest nodes,
or tricubic interpolation that uses 64 nodes.

**C++**

::

  T Grid<T>::interpolate_value(const Fractional& fctr) const
  T Grid<T>::interpolate_value(const Position& ctr) const

  double Grid<T>::tricubic_interpolation(const Fractional& fctr) const
  double Grid<T>::tricubic_interpolation(const Position& ctr) const

  // calculates also derivatives
  std::array<double,4> Grid<T>::tricubic_interpolation_der(double x, double y, double z) const

**Python**

.. doctest::

  >>> grid.interpolate_value(gemmi.Fractional(1/24, 1/24, 1/24))
  0.890625
  >>> grid.interpolate_value(gemmi.Position(2, 3, 4))
  2.0333263874053955
  >>> grid.tricubic_interpolation(gemmi.Fractional(1/24, 1/24, 1/24))
  1.283477783203125
  >>> grid.tricubic_interpolation(gemmi.Position(2, 3, 4))
  2.6075661737715046
  >>> # calculate also derivatives in directions of unit cell axes
  >>> grid.tricubic_interpolation_der(gemmi.Fractional(1/24, 1/24, 1/24))
  [1.283477783203125, 35.523193359375, 36.343505859375, 35.523193359375]

The cubic interpolation is smoother than linear, but may increase the noise.
This is illustrated on the plots below, which shows density along two lines
in a grid that was filled with random numbers from [0, 1).
Trilinear interpolation is blue, tricubic -- red.
The left plot shows density along a line in a random direction,
the right plot -- along a line parallel to one of the axes.

.. image:: img/trilinear-tricubic.png
    :align: center
    :scale: 100

*Implementation notes*

Tricubic interpolation, as described
on `Wikipedia page <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricubic_interpolation>`_ and in
`Appendix B of a PHENIX paper <https://journals.iucr.org/d/issues/2018/06/00/ic5103/#APPB>`_,
can be implemented either as 21 cubic interpolations, or using method
introduced by `Lekien & Marsen <https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1296>`_ in 2005,
which involves 64x64 matrix of integral coefficients
(see also this `blog post <http://ianfaust.com/2016/03/20/Tricubic/>`_).
The latter method should be more efficient, but gemmi uses the former,
which takes ~100 ns. If you'd like to speed it up or to get derivatives,
contact developers.

*Optimization for Python*

If you have a large number of points, making a Python function call
each time would be slow.
If these points are on a regular 3D grid (which may not be aligned
with our grid) call ``interpolate_values()`` (with s at the end)
with two arguments: a 3D NumPy array (for storing the results)
and a :ref:`Transform <transform>` that relates indices of the array
to positions in the grid:

.. doctest::
  :skipif: numpy is None

  >>> # first we create a numpy array of the same type as the grid
  >>> arr = numpy.zeros([32, 32, 32], dtype=numpy.float32)
  >>> # then we setup a transformation (array indices) -> (position [A]).
  >>> tr = gemmi.Transform()
  >>> tr.mat.fromlist([[0.1, 0, 0], [0, 0.1, 0], [0, 0, 0.1]])
  >>> tr.vec.fromlist([1, 2, 3])
  >>> # finally we calculate interpolated values
  >>> grid.interpolate_values(arr, tr)
  >>> arr[10, 10, 10]  # -> corresponds to Position(2, 3, 4)
  2.0333264

(If your points are not on a regular grid -- get in touch -- there might be
another way.)


ASU and MaskedGrid
------------------

Sometimes we want to focus on a part of the grid only.
For this, we have class MaskedGrid that combines two Grid objects,
using one of them as a mask for the other.

When an element of the mask is 0 (false), the corresponding element
of the other grid is unmasked and is to be used. This is the same convention
as in NumPy MaskedArray.

The primary use for MaskedGrid is working with asymmetric unit (asu) only:

.. doctest::

  >>> asu = grid.asu()
  >>> asu  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
  <gemmi.MaskedFloatGrid object at 0x...>
  >>> asu.grid is grid
  True
  >>> asu.mask
  <gemmi.Int8Grid(12, 12, 12)>
  >>> sum(point.value for point in asu)
  7.125
  >>> for point in asu:
  ...   if point.value != 0: print(point)
  <gemmi.FloatGridBase.Point (0, 0, 0) -> 0.125>
  <gemmi.FloatGridBase.Point (1, 1, 1) -> 7>


Setting value in areas
----------------------

First, to set the whole grid to the same value use:

.. doctest::

  >>> grid.fill(0)

To set the grid points in a certain radius from a specified position use::

  void Grid<T>::set_points_around(const Position& ctr, double radius, T value)

.. doctest::
  :skipif: numpy is None or sys.platform == 'win32'

  >>> grid.set_points_around(gemmi.Position(25, 25, 25), radius=3, value=10)
  >>> numpy.argwhere(array == 10)
  array([[6, 6, 7],
         [6, 7, 7]])

This function, to be efficient, ignores symmetry.
At the end we should call one of the *symmetrizing* functions:

.. doctest::

  >>> grid.symmetrize_max()

While we could use the above functions for masking the molecule
(or bulk solvent) area, we have specialized functions to create
a bulk solvent mask.

.. _solventmask:

Solvent mask
------------

Gemmi implements a variant of the most popular method for calculating
the bulk solvent area. This method was introduced in CNS.
It uses van der Waals (or similar) atomic radii *r* and two parameters:
*r*\ :sub:`probe` and *r*\ :sub:`shrink`.

* We mark the area in radius *r* + *r*\ :sub:`probe` of each
  atom as non-solvent (0). *r* usually depends on the element,
  but some programs use the same radius for all atoms.
  The extra margin *r*\ :sub:`probe` is largely cancelled in the next step.
* We shrink the non-solvent area by *r*\ :sub:`shrink`.
  All the 0's in a distance *r*\ :sub:`shrink` from 1's are changed to 1,
  shrinking the solvent volume.
  Both *r*\ :sub:`probe` and *r*\ :sub:`shrink` have the same
  order of magnitude.
  `Jiang & Brünger (1994) <https://doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1994.1633>`_
  proposed *r*\ :sub:`probe` = 1.0 Å and *r*\ :sub:`shrink` = 1.1 Å.
* The above procedure eliminates small solvent islands.
  If it is not sufficient, we can explicitly remove islands
  (contiguous areas of 1's) up to a certain volume.
  This step was added for compatibility with Refmac.

Here is how to create a mask identical as ``phenix.mask``:

.. doctest::

  >>> masker = gemmi.SolventMasker(gemmi.AtomicRadiiSet.Cctbx)
  >>> st = gemmi.read_structure('../tests/1orc.pdb')
  >>> grid = gemmi.Int8Grid()
  >>> # take space group and unit cell from Structure,
  >>> # and set size based on the specified minimal spacing
  >>> grid.setup_from(st, spacing=1.0)
  >>> masker.put_mask_on_int8_grid(grid, st[0])

The parameters of SolventMasker can be inspected and changed:

.. doctest::

  >>> masker.atomic_radii_set
  <AtomicRadiiSet.Cctbx: 1>
  >>> masker.rprobe
  1.11
  >>> masker.rshrink
  0.9
  >>> masker.island_min_volume  # 0 = unused
  0.0
  >>> masker.constant_r  # 0 = unused
  0.0

The example above uses a parameter set based on cctbx.
We also have a few others sets.
You can create mask similar to Refmac (but due to unintended features
of solvent masking in Refmac, the results are not identical):

.. doctest::

  >>> masker = gemmi.SolventMasker(gemmi.AtomicRadiiSet.Refmac)

or a mask with Van der Waals radii from
`Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)>`_
and *r*\ :sub:`probe` = 1.0 Å and *r*\ :sub:`shrink` = 1.1 Å,
as in the original Jiang & Brünger paper:

.. doctest::

  >>> masker = gemmi.SolventMasker(gemmi.AtomicRadiiSet.VanDerWaals)

or with constant radius, similarly to the NCSMASK program from CCP4:

.. doctest::

  >>> masker = gemmi.SolventMasker(gemmi.AtomicRadiiSet.Constant, 3.0)

If the mask is to be FFT-ed to structure factors, store it on FloatGrid
(function ``put_mask_on_float_grid`` in Python
and ``put_mask_on_grid`` in C++).
See the section about :ref:`bulk solvent coorection <scaling>`
for details and examples.


Blob search
-----------

When we have an electron density map on a Grid we may want to check *blobs* --
unmodelled electron density, potential ligand sites.
Similarly to the "Unmodelled blobs" function in COOT, Gemmi has a function
that finds such blobs. It was added to be used in CCP4 Dimple.

The blobs can be searched either in a difference map, or in a normal map
with the model masked out. In this example we do the latter.

.. doctest::

  >>> # load map from MTZ
  >>> mtz = gemmi.read_mtz_file('../tests/5wkd_phases.mtz.gz')
  >>> grid = mtz.transform_f_phi_to_map('FWT', 'PHWT', sample_rate=3)
  >>>
  >>> # Load model. No real blobs in this tiny example,
  >>> # so we remove water to get one water-sized blob.
  >>> st = gemmi.read_structure('../tests/5wkd.pdb')
  >>> st.remove_waters()
  >>>
  >>> # use SolventMasker to mask the models with zeros
  >>> masker = gemmi.SolventMasker(gemmi.AtomicRadiiSet.Constant, 1.75)
  >>> masker.set_to_zero(grid, st[0])
  >>>
  >>> # find the blob
  >>> blobs = gemmi.find_blobs_by_flood_fill(grid, cutoff=0.6, min_volume=5,
  ...                                        min_score=0, min_peak=0)
  >>> blobs  #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
  [<gemmi.Blob object at 0x...>]
  >>> blobs[0].volume
  9.967250538023837
  >>> blobs[0].score  #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
  10.1815458...
  >>> blobs[0].peak_value
  1.8486430644989014
  >>> blobs[0].centroid
  <gemmi.Position(12.5868, -0.45056, 0)>
  >>> blobs[0].peak_pos
  <gemmi.Position(12.307, 0, 0)>


MRC/CCP4 maps
=============

We support one file format for storing the grid data on disk: MRC/CCP4 map.
The content of the map file is stored in a class that contains
both the Grid class and all the meta-data from the CCP4 file header.

The CCP4 format has a few different modes that correspond to different
data types. Gemmi supports:

* mode 0 -- which correspond to the C++ type int8_t,
* mode 1 -- corresponds to int16_t,
* mode 2 -- float,
* and mode 6 -- uint16_t.

CCP4 programs use mode 2 (float) for the electron density,
and mode 0 (int8_t) for masks. A mask is 0/1 data that marks part of the volume,
such as the solvent region. Other modes are not used in crystallography,
but may be used for CryoEM data.

The CCP4 format is quite flexible. The data is stored as sections,
rows and columns that correspond to a permutation of the X, Y and Z axes
as defined in the file header.
The file can contain only a part of the asymmetric unit,
or more than an asymmetric unit (i.e. redundant data).
There are two typical approaches to generate a crystallographic map:

* old-school way: covering a molecule with some margin around it;
  CCP4 utilities ``fft`` and ``mapmask`` make such a map,
* or covering the asymmetric unit (asu); the program that reads
  the map is supposed to expand the symmetry. This approach is used by
  the CCP4 clipper library and by programs that use this library,
  such as ``cfft`` and Coot.

The latter approach generates map for exactly one asu, if possible.
It is not possible if the shape of the asu in fractional coordinates
is not rectangular, and in such case we must have some redundancy.
On average, the maps generated for asu are significantly smaller,
as compared in the
`UglyMol wiki <https://github.com/uglymol/uglymol/wiki/ccp4-dsn6-mtz>`_.

Nowadays, the CCP4 format is rarely used in crystallography.
Almost all programs read the reflection data and calculate maps on the fly.

Reading
-------

C++
~~~

To work with CCP4 maps you need::

    #include <gemmi/ccp4.hpp>

The Ccp4 class is templated with the data type.
Normally, we use float type for a map::

    gemmi::Ccp4<float> map;
    map.read_ccp4_map("my_map.ccp4");

and int8_t for a mask (mask typically has only values 0 and 1,
but in principle the values can be from -127 to 128)::

    gemmi::Ccp4<int8_t> mask;
    mask.read_ccp4_map("my_mask.ccp4");

If the grid data type does not match the file data type, the library
will attempt to convert the data when reading.

Alternatively, you can use helper functions ``read_ccp4_map()``
and ``read_ccp4_mask()`` defined in ``gemmi/read_map.hpp``.

Python
~~~~~~

To read a ccp4 map:

.. doctest::

    >>> m = gemmi.read_ccp4_map('../tests/5i55_tiny.ccp4')
    >>> m
    <gemmi.Ccp4Map with grid 8x6x10 in SG #4>

Similarly, to read a mask (ccp4 map in mode 0) call ``read_ccp4_mask()``.


Header
------

The CCP4 map header is organised as 56 words (4-bytes that are interpreted
as integer, float or 4 characters) followed by 800 bytes -- a space for ten
80-character text labels.

Low-level access to the header is provided by getters and setters
that use the word number (as in the format description from
`ccp4 <https://www.ccp4.ac.uk/html/maplib.html>`_
or `ccp-em <https://www.ccpem.ac.uk/mrc_format/mrc2014.php>`_)
as the first argument.

**C++**

::

    int32_t header_i32(int w) const;
    float header_float(int w) const;
    // ccp4 map header has mostly 80-byte strings
    std::string header_str(int w, size_t len=80) const;

    void set_header_i32(int w, int32_t value);
    void set_header_float(int w, float value);
    void set_header_str(int w, const std::string& str);

For example::

    int mode = map.header_i32(4);
    float x = map.header_float(11);

**Python**

.. doctest::

    >>> m.header_float(20), m.header_float(21)  # dmin, dmax
    (-0.5310382843017578, 2.3988280296325684)
    >>> m.header_i32(28)
    0
    >>> m.set_header_i32(28, 20140)
    >>> m.header_str(57, 80).strip()
    'Created by MAPMAN V. 080625/7.8.5 at Wed Jan 3 12:57:38 2018 for A. Nonymous'

When the file is read, the header is used to set properties of the grid:

.. doctest::

    >>> m.grid  # tiny grid as it is a toy example
    <gemmi.FloatGrid(8, 6, 10)>
    >>> m.grid.spacegroup
    <gemmi.SpaceGroup("P 1 21 1")>
    >>> m.grid.unit_cell
    <gemmi.UnitCell(29.45, 10.5, 29.7, 90, 111.975, 90)>

If the grid changes, you may update the map header by calling
``update_ccp4_header()``.


setup()
-------

``read_ccp4_map()`` reads the data from file into a Grid class,
keeping the same axis order and the same dimensions as in the file.
But the functions that operate on the grid data (such as ``get_position()``,
``interpolate_value()``, ``symmetrize()``) expect that the grid covers
the whole unit cell and that the axes are in the X,Y,Z order.
So before calling a function that uses either the symmetry or the unit
cell parameters we need to setup the grid as required.

We do this by calling function ``setup()`` with two arguments.
The first argument is one of:

* ReorderOnly -- only reorders axes to X, Y, Z (usually not sufficient),
* Full -- reorders and expands the grid to cover to the whole unit cell,
* FullCheck --  additionally, checks consistency of redundant data.

The second argument is a value to be used for unknown values.
It is used only when ``setup()`` expands the grid to cover the whole unit cell,
but the input file does not cover the whole asymmetric unit.

**C++**

::

    map.setup(GridSetup::Full, NAN);

**Python**

.. doctest::

    >>> m.setup()  # gemmi.GridSetup.Full and NaN are the defaults
    >>> # the grid dimensions were 8x6x10, now they are:
    >>> m.grid
    <gemmi.FloatGrid(60, 24, 60)>

Writing
-------

To write a map to a file, update the header if necessary and
call ``write_ccp4_map()``.

**C++**

::

    // the file header needs to be prepared/updated with an explicit call
    int mode = 2; // ccp4 file mode: 2 for floating-point data, 0 for masks
    bool update_stats = true; // update min/max/mean/rms values in the header
    map.update_ccp4_header(mode, update_stats);

    map.write_ccp4_map(filename);

**Python**

.. doctest::

    >>> m.update_ccp4_header()
    >>> m.write_ccp4_map('out.ccp4')

By default, the map written to a file covers the whole unit cell.
To cover only a given box, call ``set_extent()`` before writing the map.
As an example, let us cover a molecule with 5Å margin
(equivalent of running CCP4 program MAPMASK with XYZIN and BORDER 5).

**C++**

::

    map.set_extent(calculate_fractional_box(structure, 5));

**Python**

.. doctest::

    >>> st = gemmi.read_structure('../tests/5i55.cif')
    >>> m.set_extent(st.calculate_fractional_box(margin=5))
    >>> m.write_ccp4_map('out.ccp4')


After calling ``set_extent()`` we have the same situation as before calling
``setup()`` -- some grid functions may not work correctly.

The current extent of the map can be read using function ``get_extent()``.
To write a map that covers the same area as the original map, do:

.. doctest::

    >>> m = gemmi.read_ccp4_map('../tests/5i55_tiny.ccp4')
    >>> box = m.get_extent()
    >>> m.setup()
    >>> # ... here the map gets modified ...
    >>> m.set_extent(box)
    >>> m.write_ccp4_map('out.ccp4')


Map from Grid
-------------

To write grid data as a ccp4 file: create a new Ccp4 class,
set the grid, call ``update_ccp4_header()`` and write the file.

.. doctest::

  >>> ccp4 = gemmi.Ccp4Map()
  >>> ccp4.grid = gemmi.FloatGrid(numpy.zeros((10, 10, 10), dtype=numpy.float32))
  >>> ccp4.grid.spacegroup = gemmi.find_spacegroup_by_name('P1')
  >>> ccp4.grid.unit_cell.set(20, 20, 20, 90, 90, 90)
  >>> ccp4.update_ccp4_header()
  >>> ccp4.write_ccp4_map('out.ccp4')

Maps are often calculated from map coefficients --
:ref:`example in section about FFT <map_from_rblock>`
shows how to calculate such a map and write it to a file.


Examples
--------

**Example 1.**
A short code that draws a contour plot similar to mapslicer plots
(see Fig. 3 in `this CCP4 paper <http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444902016116>`_
if you wonder what is mapslicer).
To keep the example short we assume that the lattice vectors are orthogonal.

.. literalinclude:: ../examples/patterson_slice.py
   :language: python
   :lines: 3-

.. image:: img/patterson_slice.png
    :align: center
    :scale: 100

**Example 2.**
A tiny utility that compares two masks (maps with 0/1 values)
of the same size, printing a summary of matches and mismatches:

.. code-block:: console

  $ python examples/maskdiff.py old_mask.ccp4 new_mask.ccp4
  Size: 240 x 300 x 270  and  240 x 300 x 270
  0-0      5006818  25.76%
  1-1     13496058  69.42%
  0-1       937124   4.82%
  1-0            0   0.00%
  total   19440000

Here is the script:

.. literalinclude:: ../examples/maskdiff.py
   :language: python
   :lines: 3-

